ANIMAL PRODUCTION

1. Animal Nutrition

a. Types of Animal Feeds

Roughages: High in fiber, low in energy (e.g., grass, hay, silage).

Concentrates: Low in fiber, high in energy or protein (e.g., grains, oil cakes).

Supplements: Additives like vitamins and minerals to enhance health and productivity.

b. Feed Formulation and Ration Balancing

Ensures animals get the right nutrients for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and production.

Factors considered include species, age, weight, and purpose (e.g., milk, meat).

Balanced ration prevents deficiencies and improves productivity.

---

2. Animal Health Management

a. Common Livestock Diseases and Their Control

Bacterial diseases: e.g., anthrax, brucellosis.

Viral diseases: e.g., foot-and-mouth disease, Newcastle disease.

Control: Biosecurity, proper hygiene, isolation of sick animals.

b. Vaccination and Deworming Programs

Vaccination: Prevents specific viral and bacterial diseases.

Deworming: Controls internal parasites like roundworms and tapeworms.

Regular programs improve animal welfare and productivity.

---

3. Breeding and Reproduction

a. Methods of Animal Breeding

Natural breeding: Mating of males and females without human assistance.

Artificial Insemination (AI): Semen is collected and introduced into the female using instruments; improves genetics and reduces disease spread.

b. Reproductive Cycles and Management of Breeding Stock

Understanding estrus (heat) cycles, gestation periods, and optimal breeding times is key.

Good management includes proper feeding, health checks, and record-keeping